Hybrid Solar-Piezoelectric Pavement Systems: A Dual-Mode Approach to Renewable Energy Harvesting and Sustainable Infrastructure

Abstract

Urban areas consume growing amounts of electricity for transportation and infrastructure, yet large surface areas (roads, sidewalks, bike paths) remain underutilized. Hybrid solar-piezoelectric pavement systems aim to harvest both solar irradiance and vehicular mechanical energy from road surfaces. This paper reviews existing solar-pavement pilots (e.g. SolaRoad, Wattway) and piezoelectric pavement studies, then proposes a combined approach with a modular testbed design and modeling framework. We design a 3×1 m lane segment with embedded PV modules under a rugged wear layer and piezoelectric transducers in the base. A multi-physics model (finite-element for mechanics, constitutive piezoelectric equations, and NREL PV simulation) is used to estimate hourly energy output given local irradiance and traffic profiles (from NREL PVWatts and DOT traffic data). We also outline a techno-economic and life-cycle analysis comparing hybrid and conventional rooftop PV systems. Preliminary findings suggest combined energy yields on the order of 100-150 kWh per m²-year (PV) plus a few Wh to tens of Wh per vehicle (piezo), with hybrid output dominated by the solar component. High installation cost and maintenance (durable glass covers, pavement repairs) remain barriers, so cost-effectiveness is low except in niche cases. However, hybrid pavements may self-power sensors, LED road studs or signage in low-traffic zones. We identify key constraints (durability under freeze/thaw, efficient power electronics, standard testing) and recommend further field trials.