Effect of Soil Type on the Growth and Development of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Abstract

Soil texture plays a fundamental role in regulating water availability, aeration, nutrient retention, and ultimately plant growth and productivity. This study evaluated the effects of three soil types sandy, loamy, and clay on the vegetative, physiological, and early reproductive performance of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) grown under controlled outdoor conditions for nine weeks. A completely randomized design with three replicates per soil type was used. Weekly measurements included plant height, leaf number, and flower initiation. Leaf chlorophyll content was assessed using a SPAD-502 Plus chlorophyll meter, while leaf area was quantified through digital morphometry using ImageJ software (Version 1.53).

The results revealed significant soil-dependent differences across all measured parameters. Loamy soil supported the highest overall growth, with superior plant height, chlorophyll content, and leaf area, indicating optimal water and nutrient balance. Clay soil produced moderate vegetative growth and the highest leaf number but was slightly constrained by limited aeration. Sandy soil resulted in the weakest performance, with reduced growth, lower SPAD values, and the smallest leaf area due to poor moisture retention and nutrient leaching.

Overall, the study demonstrates that soil texture strongly influences the physiological vigor and growth dynamics of Vicia faba. Improving sandy soils with organic amendments or enhancing aeration in clay soils may substantially increase crop productivity. These findings provide practical guidance for soil-specific management strategies in broad bean cultivation